|
Erwin Frink Smith (21 January 1854 – 6 April 1927) was an American plant pathologist with the United States Department of Agriculture. He played an major role in demonstrating that bacteria could cause plant disease. ==Life and career== Smith was born in Gilbert Mills, near Fulton, New York to Louisa Frink Smith and Rancellor King Smith. In 1870 he moved with his family to an 80 acre farm, which eventually included an apple orchard, in Clinton County, Michigan. The farm ultimately failed, causing the Smith family to move to North Plains Township, Michigan. Because he was no longer needed to help on the farm, Smith was finally able to attend Ionia High School, starting in 1876, when he was 22 years old. Smith read widely and was largely self-taught in botany and bacteriology. In 1881, while still in high school, he co-authored a book on the flora of Michigan titled "Cataloque of the Phaenogamous and Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of Michigan" with Charles F. Wheeler.〔("Erwin Frink Smith" in ARS National Academy of Science Members ) Charles Fay Wheeler (1842–1910) was a pharmacist and amateur botanist in Ionia, Michigan. He tutored Smith in botany when Smith was in high school.〕 In 1885 he published a book on water sanitation. Smith also enjoyed writing poetry and wrote several poems about his boyhood, his childhood teachers, and even a poem titled "Evolution." Poverty kept Smith from attending college after graduation from high school. Instead, he accepted a position at a Michigan prison, where he worked as a guard. While working there, he developed an interest in public health and sanitation and began reading about bacteriology. Smith was accepted to the University of Michigan in 1885 and passed examinations for most of the coursework soon after acceptance, which allowed him to earn his bachelor's degree in biology after only one year at the university. Soon after earning his 1886 bachelor's degree, he took a position as chief of Plant Pathology in Bureau of Plant Industry. He earned his doctorate from Michigan in 1889. Throughout his career, he pursued the hypothesis that bacteria were significant causes of plant disease. Resistance in the field, most notably by Alfred Fischer, eventually gave way, culminating in his three-volume 1910 work ''Bacteria in Relation to Plant Diseases.'' Dutch American botanical explorer Frank Nicholas Meyer worked for Smith in 1901, upon his arrival in the United States. At a time when it was unusual to do so, Smith was known for hiring many women at the Bureau of Plant industry, including botanists Nellie A. Brown, Mary K. Bryan, Florence Hedges, Lucia McCulloch, Agnes J. Quirk, and Charlotte Elliott. Historian Margaret W. Rossiter cites this as an example of a harem effect.〔Margaret W. Rossiter, "Women Scientists in the United States Before 1920," ''American Scientist'' 62 (1974).〕〔Margaret W. Rossiter (1982). '' Women Scientists in America: struggles and strategies to 1940.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0801825095〕 In Smith's case, a factor in hiring women only as assistants may have been USDA's structural exclusion of women from taking the examinations that would have allowed them to enter the higher-ranking jobs for which they were qualified.〔Margaret W. Rossiter, ''Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940''.〕 Many of Smith's assistants praised him for giving them research projects suited to their skills rather than confining them to the more limited tasks presumed by their job classifications.〔 Smith died in Washington, D.C. and his ashes were scattered at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Erwin Frink Smith」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|